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Frontiers in Microbiology 2020The intestinal microbiome can influence the efficiency and the health status of its host's digestive system. Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as...
The intestinal microbiome can influence the efficiency and the health status of its host's digestive system. Indigestible non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation, resulting in short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. In broiler's nutrition, dietary crude protein (CP) and butyrate's presence is of particular interest for its impact on intestinal health and growth performance. In this study, we evaluated the effect on the microbial ecology of the ceca of dietary supplementations, varying the cereal type (maize and wheat), adequate levels of CP and supplementation of sodium butyrate on broiler chickens with 21 days. The overall structure of bacterial communities was statistically affected by cereal type, CP, and sodium butyrate ( = 0.001). Wheat in the diet promoted the presence of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae and , which can degrade complex carbohydrates. Maize positively affected the abundance of . The addition of CP promoted the family Rikenellaceae, while sodium butyrate as feed supplement was positively related to the family Lachnospiraceae. Functional predictions showed an effect of the cereal type and a statistical significance across all supplementations and their corresponding interactions. The composition of diets affected the overall structure of broilers' intestinal microbiota. The source of NSP as a substrate for bacterial fermentation had a stronger stimulus on bacterial communities than CP content or supplementation of butyrate.
PubMed: 33505386
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.617800 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2016The first 1000 days (conception to 24 months) is when gut microbiota composition and eating patterns are established, and a critical period influencing lifelong health....
The first 1000 days (conception to 24 months) is when gut microbiota composition and eating patterns are established, and a critical period influencing lifelong health. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between food intakes and microbiota composition at the end of this period. Diet was quantified for 37 well-nourished Australian children aged between 2 to 3 years by using a food frequency questionnaire and 24 hr recalls. Both dairy and plant-based (fruit, vegetables, soy, pulses and nuts) food intakes were associated with distinct microbiota profiles. Dairy intake was positively associated with the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, and in particular Erysipelatoclostridium spp., but negatively associated with species richness and diversity. Vegetable intake was positively associated with the relative abundance of the Lachnospira genus, while soy, pulse and nut intake was positively associated with the relative abundance of bacteria related to Bacteroides xylanisolvens. Fruit intake, especially apples and pears, were negatively associated with the relative abundance of bacteria related to Ruminococcus gnavus. In this cohort of young children dairy and plant based food intakes were found to be associated with altered microbiota composition. Further exploration is needed to elucidate the effect of these dietary and microbial differences on host phenotype.
Topics: Australia; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacteroidetes; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Dairy Products; Diet; Eating; Feces; Feeding Behavior; Female; Firmicutes; Fruit; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vegetables
PubMed: 27694811
DOI: 10.1038/srep32385 -
European Journal of Nutrition Apr 2024To investigate the relationships between the habitual diet, the protein to fiber ratio (P/F), and the gut microbiome in one Italian and one Dutch cohort of healthy...
PURPOSE
To investigate the relationships between the habitual diet, the protein to fiber ratio (P/F), and the gut microbiome in one Italian and one Dutch cohort of healthy subjects consuming an omnivore diet.
METHODS
The Italian cohort included 19 males (M_IT, BMI 25.2 ± 0.72 kg/m, age 25.4 ± 0.96 years) and 20 females (F_IT, BMI 23.9 ± 0.81 kg/m, age 23.8 ± 0.54 years); the Dutch cohort included 30 females (F_NL, BMI: 23.9 ± 0.81 kg/m, age: 23.8 ± 0.54 years). Individual diets were recorded through Food Frequency Questionnaires and analyzed to assess the nutrient composition. Gut microbiome was assessed in fecal samples.
RESULTS
M_IT consumed higher levels of proteins than F_NL and F_IT, whereas dietary fiber intake did not differ among groups. Data showed that consumption of plant protein to animal protein (PP/AP) and PP to total proteins ratio can determine a differentiation of F_NL more than the absolute amount of dietary fiber. Conversely, the protein to fiber (P/F) and AP to total proteins better characterized M_IT. M_IT harbored the highest abundance of proteolytic microorganisms and the lowest microbial gene richness. Conversely, F_NL had more fiber-degrading microorganisms like Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Roseburia sp., Coprococcus eutactus and Parabacteroides along with the highest number of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes and gene richness. It was predicted that by each unit decrease in the P/F a 3% increase in gene richness occurred.
CONCLUSION
Study findings suggested that dietary P/F, rather than the absolute amount of dietary fiber, could contribute to the shaping of the microbiome towards a more proteolytic or fiber-degrading gut ecosystem.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov Identifier NCT04205045-01-10-2018, retrospectively registered. Dutch Trial Register NTR7531-05-10-2018.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Diet; Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Feces; Dietary Proteins; Microbiota; Italy
PubMed: 38151533
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03308-4 -
PloS One 2017Alginates pertain to organic polysaccharides that have been extensively used in food- and medicine-related industries. The present study obtained alginates from an... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Alginates pertain to organic polysaccharides that have been extensively used in food- and medicine-related industries. The present study obtained alginates from an alginate overproducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 mutant by screening transposon mutagenesis libraries. The interaction between bacterial and seaweed alginates and gut microbiota were further studied by using an in vitro batch fermentation system. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis indicated that both bacterial and seaweed alginates can be completely degraded by fecal bacteria isolated from study volunteers, indicating that a minor structural difference between bacterial and seaweed alginates (O-acetylation and lack of G-G blocks) didn't affect the digestion of alginates by human microbiota. Although, the digestion of bacterial and seaweed alginates was attributed to different Bacteroides xylanisolvens strains, they harbored similar alginate lyase genes. Genus Bacteroides with alginate-degrading capability were enriched in growth medium containing bacterial or seaweed alginates after in vitro fermentation. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in both bacterial and seaweed alginates was also comparable, but was significantly higher than the same medium using starch. In summary, the present study has isolated an alginate-overproducing P. aeruginosa mutant strain. Both seaweed and bacterial alginates were degraded by human gut microbiota, and their regulatory function on gut microbiota was similar.
Topics: Alginates; Batch Cell Culture Techniques; DNA Transposable Elements; Fatty Acids; Feces; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Mutation; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seaweed
PubMed: 28170428
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171576 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018Bacteroidales are the most abundant Gram-negative bacteria flourished in the human intestine with great underlying benefits to be discovered and developed as the...
Bacteroidales are the most abundant Gram-negative bacteria flourished in the human intestine with great underlying benefits to be discovered and developed as the next-generation probiotics. However, the traditional isolation method limits the mining of low-abundant species. In this study, modified selective medium was established using xylan as the sole carbohydrate source to enrich low-abundant species such as and from healthy human fecal samples. The growth rate, transcriptomics, and metabolomics profiles of the enriched low-abundant species were then evaluated. The considerable upregulated genes encoding xylan-associated hydrolysis and transportation, along with the increased xylose production detected in the culture of the enriched Bacteroidales strains based on xylan, were considered as positive proof of the feasibility of the modified methodology.
PubMed: 29971058
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01319 -
PloS One 2017Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an abundant commensal of the human gut, degrades numerous complex carbohydrates. Recently, it was reported to grow on a β-2,6-linked...
A Highly Active Endo-Levanase BT1760 of a Dominant Mammalian Gut Commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Cleaves Not Only Various Bacterial Levans, but Also Levan of Timothy Grass.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an abundant commensal of the human gut, degrades numerous complex carbohydrates. Recently, it was reported to grow on a β-2,6-linked polyfructan levan produced by Zymomonas mobilis degrading the polymer into fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with a cell surface bound endo-levanase BT1760. The FOS are consumed by B. thetaiotaomicron, but also by other gut bacteria, including health-promoting bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Here we characterize biochemical properties of BT1760, including the activity of BT1760 on six bacterial levans synthesized by the levansucrase Lsc3 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, its mutant Asp300Asn, levansucrases of Zymomonas mobilis, Erwinia herbicola, Halomonas smyrnensis as well as on levan isolated from timothy grass. For the first time a plant levan is shown as a perfect substrate for an endo-fructanase of a human gut bacterium. BT1760 degraded levans to FOS with degree of polymerization from 2 to 13. At optimal reaction conditions up to 1 g of FOS were produced per 1 mg of BT1760 protein. Low molecular weight (<60 kDa) levans, including timothy grass levan and levan synthesized from sucrose by the Lsc3Asp300Asn, were degraded most rapidly whilst levan produced by Lsc3 from raffinose least rapidly. BT1760 catalyzed finely at human body temperature (37°C) and in moderately acidic environment (pH 5-6) that is typical for the gut lumen. According to differential scanning fluorimetry, the Tm of the endo-levanase was 51.5°C. All tested levans were sufficiently stable in acidic conditions (pH 2.0) simulating the gastric environment. Therefore, levans of both bacterial and plant origin may serve as a prebiotic fiber for B. thetaiotaomicron and contribute to short-chain fatty acids synthesis by gut microbiota. In the genome of Bacteroides xylanisolvens of human origin a putative levan degradation locus was disclosed.
Topics: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; Erwinia; Fructans; Glycoside Hydrolases; Halomonas; Hexosyltransferases; Humans; Hydrolysis; Intestines; Molecular Weight; Oligosaccharides; Phleum; Pseudomonas syringae; Sequence Homology; Substrate Specificity; Zymomonas
PubMed: 28103254
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169989